Top 10 Nursing Board Exam Passers - November 2009 Topnothcers

MANILA, Philippines—(UPDATE) A total of 37, 527 out of 94,462 nursing graduates passed the November, 2009 licensure examination.

The successful examinees who garnered the 10 highest places are the following:

1. Clarie Morales Bontol of Iligan Medical Center College, Inc. (87.80%)
2. Bryan Noel Cueto Asis of Lyceum of Batangas (87.60)
3. Dickson Araza Laude of St. Scholastica's College of Health Sciences-Tacloban (87.00)
4. Sarah Beth Zapanta Bendoy of First Asia Institute of Technology & Humanities (86.60)
Cyrel Alexandra Infistan Diolazo of Arellano University-Manila (86.60)
5. Cliff Richard De Dios Bermudez of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (86.40)
Katrina Isabel Villa Doromal of Saint Paul University-Iloilo (86.40)
Rio Michelle Yap Renomeron of San Pedro College-Davao City (86.40)
6. Greatsky Calayag Castuciano of Our Lady of Fatima University-Valenzuela (86.20)
Jobilee Sahagun Foronda of De Los Santos-STI College, Inc-(Delos Santos S.N.) (86.20)
Donald Bancud Paloma of Saint Paul University-Tuguegarao (86.20)
Karla Andrea Corneja Yap of University of Saint La Salle (86.20)
7. Chastine Dela Cruz Jambalos of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (86.00)
Felina Joyce Llamado Posadas of Saint Paul University-Iloilo (86.00)
Perla Bargo Santiago of Saint Dominic Savio College (86.00)
Camille Abiera Sistoso of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (86.00)
Dennis Michael Esteban Zequerra of Cotabato Medical Foundation College (86.00)
8. Joanna Marie Sajise Alvaro of Central Philippine University (85.80)
Karen Lim Cheng of Xavier University (85.80)
Krizzia Mae Villareal de Guzman of Our Lady of Fatima University-Valenzuela (85.80)
Richard William Dulalas Domondon of Ramon Magsaysay Technological University-Iba (85.80)
Angelo Garcia Galvan of Central Luzon Doctor's Hospital Educational Institution (85.80)
Lilia Calle Piramide of Saint Dominic Savio College (85.80)
Robert Carandang Reña of Lyceum of Batangas (85.80)
Vyklyn Jimeno Testa of Aklan State University (Aklan S.C.A.)-Banga (85.80)
Cornelio Cezail Flores Villanueva of Mabini College (85.80)
9. Sheila Perico Casano of Our Lady of Fatima University-Valenzuela (85.60)
Krystle Go Din of Saint Paul University-Iloilo (85.60)
John Stephen Tiongson Humiwat of Saint Mary's University (85.60)
Woodrose Charm Paciente Kwan of Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College-Q.C. (85.60)
Nerissa Naval Layag of Saint Dominic Savio College (85.60)
Kristin Angeli Pastor Legislador of University of Saint La Salle (85.60)
Myrtle Shekinah Cabuyao Lopez of Southern Luzon Polytechnic College-Lucban (85.60)
Suzanne Joie Napod Maño of Adventist University of the Philippines (85.60)
Manelee Pescadilla Mijares of University of Saint La Salle (85.60)
Juan Alfred Germino Norte of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (85.60)
Garlene Anne Estanislao Rebollos of Sultan Kudarat Educational Institution (85.60)
10. Joanna Iris Lee Avena of Saint Paul University-Iloilo (85.40)
Erwin Garces Bodiongan of Misamis University-Ozamis City (85.40)
Steve Oliver Yap Coo of Central Philippine University (85.40)
Stephen Albert Lim De Castro of Southern Luzon Polytechnic College-Lucban (85.40)
Princess Camille Rodriguez De Guzman of Pamantasan ng Lungsod Ng Maynila (85.40)
Felamie Anne Vigo Ducotan of Saint Paul University-Iloilo (85.40)
Mary Kristine Teraza Labanta of St. Scholastica's College of Health Sciences-Tacloban (85.40)
Giselle Dawn Vijar Mamaril of West Visayas State University-La Paz (85.40)
Samuel John Sayoc Saludez of Saint Paul University-Tuguegarao (85.40)
Angelo John Villasana Tacuban of West Negros College (85.40)
Maria Cecilia Cervantes Tejedor of Saint Dominic Savio College (85.40)

The examination was given by the Board of Nursing in the cities of Manila, Baguio, Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Iloilo, La Union, Legazpi, Lucena, Pagadian, Pampanga, Sulu, Tacloban, Tuguegarao and Zamboanga last November 2009.

The oath-taking ceremony of the successful examinees in the said examination in Manila as well as the previous ones who have not taken their Oath of Professional will be held before the Board on Monday and Tuesday, March 8 and 9, 2010, with morning (8:00 A.M.) and afternoon (1:00 P.M.) sessions at the SMX Convention Center, SM Mall of Asia, Pasay City. All must come in their white gala uniform, nurse’s cap, white duty shoes, without earrings, hair not touching the collar and without corsage.

The Professional Regulation Commission reminded those who will register are required to bring the following: duly accomplished Oath Form or Panunumpa ng Propesyonal, current Community Tax Certificate (cedula), 2 pieces passport size picture (colored with white background and complete name tag), 1 piece 1” x 1” picture (colored with white background and complete name tag), 2 sets of metered documentary stamps, and 1 short brown envelope with name and profession; and to pay the Initial Registration Fee of P600 and Annual Registration Fee of P450 for 2010-2013. Successful examinees should personally register and sign in the Roster of Registered Professionals.

Oath-taking tickets for the National Capital Region (NCR) and nearby regions will be available at the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) at 1663 F.T. Benitez Street, Malate, Manila, starting Monday, February 8, 2010 on a “first come first serve” basis.

PRC Nursing Board Exam Result - November 2009

The result of the Philippine (NLE) Nursing Licensure (Board) Examination, which was held in Manila & all Regional Offices on November 29 & 30, 2009 has been released by the PRC.

A total of 37, 527 out of 94,462 (39.73%) nursing graduates passed the November, 2009 licensure examination.

The examination was given by the Board of Nursing in the cities of Manila, Baguio, Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Iloilo, La Union, Legazpi, Lucena, Pagadian, Pampanga, Sulu, Tacloban, Tuguegarao and Zamboanga last November 2009.

The oathtaking ceremony of the successful examinees in the said examination in Manila as well as the previous ones who have not taken their Oath of Professional will be held before the Board on Monday and Tuesday, March 8 and 9, 2010, with morning (8:00 A.M.) and afternoon (1:00 P.M.) sessions at the SMX Convention Center, SM Mall of Asia, Pasay City. All must come in their white gala uniform, nurse’s cap, white duty shoes, without earrings, hair not touching the collar and without corsage.

The Professional Regulation Commission reminded those who will register are required to bring the following: duly accomplished Oath Form or Panunumpa ng Propesyonal, current Community Tax Certificate (cedula), 2 pieces passport size picture (colored with white background and complete name tag), 1 piece 1” x 1” picture (colored with white background and complete name tag), 2 sets of metered documentary stamps, and 1 short brown envelope with name and profession; and to pay the Initial Registration Fee of P600 and Annual Registration Fee of P450 for 2010-2013. Successful examinees should personally register and sign in the Roster of Registered Professionals.

Oathtaking tickets for the National Capital Region (NCR) and nearby regions will be available at the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) at 1663 F.T. Benitez Street, Malate, Manila, starting Monday, February 8, 2010 on a “first come first serve” basis.

TO FACILITATE viewing of the nurse exam results, the results have been broken down into separate files organized alphabetically by the surnames of the successful examinees. Click on a letter below to view the corresponding file.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Top 10 Nursing Board Exam Passers June 2009 Philippines

Here is the Top 10 Nursing Board Exam Passers June 2009 Philippines:

MANILA, Philippines—(UPDATE) Golda Manto Yap, a graduate of the Felipe R. Verallo Memorial Foundation, topped the nursing board examination, getting an average score of 86.80 percent.

Following are the top 2 to 10 nursing board examinees:

2. Ronie Rose Capati Arevalo, Adamson University -- 86.40%

3. Michelle Alejandro Barberan, Arellano University-Manila -- 86.20%

4. Caroline May Rellosa Chamen, Philippine College of Health & Sciences -- 86.00%
Clarissa Leonor Tible Escober, Naga College Foundation -- 86.00%

5. Marco Magtulis Dometita, University of Santo Tomas -- 85.80%
Margaret Cheung Encarnacion, University of Santo Tomas -- 85.80%
Marc Bago-Od Marzan, University of Santo Tomas -- 85.80%
Lalaine Lim Perlas, Our Lady of Fatima University-Valenzuela -- 85.80%
Debbie Rose Uy Tanengsy, Velez College -- 85.80%

6. Lisa Angelica Vela Evangelista, University of Santo Tomas -- 85.60%

7. Adrian Patrick Patawaran Calimag, University of Santo Tomas -- 85.20%
Jed Asiaii Mariano Dimaisip, University of the Philippines-Manila -- 85.20%
Aaron Miranda Esporlas, University of Santo Tomas -- 85.20%

8. Mary Joy Sarreal Crisostomo, University of Santo Tomas -- 85.00%
David John Gabriel Egbalic Cristobal, University of Santo Tomas -- 85.00%
Libby Joy Recinto Evangelista, University of Santo Tomas -- 85.00%
Ma Paula Rhove Rivera Ortega, University of the Philippines-Manila -- 85.00%
Andrew Chua Tiu, Velez College -- 85.00%
Ginelle Marie Galarpe Visaya, University of Santo Tomas -- 85.00%

9. Helene Marie Mejorada Calderon, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.80%
Abigail Ann Borromeo Candelario, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.80%
Jan Benzon Tan Chan, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.80%
Anna Melissa Señga Lo, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.80%
Jernedell Geishar Tabugara Mabiling, Western Mindanao State University -- 84.80%
Von Vener Palicpic Miguel, Perpetual Help College of Manila -- 84.80%
Johanna Thomas Yu, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.80%

10. Angela Carmela Fernandez Agbay, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.60%
Pheelyp Edward Cruz Aytona, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.60%
Julienne Katrina Bulaon Beltran, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.60%
Maria Rosario Angala Brillante, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.60%
Jasper Quintana Castillo, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.60%
Diane Rachelle Cruz Crisostomo, Centro Escolar University-Malolos -- 84.60%
Jose Mari Niño Leonor Cuarto, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.60%
Salvador Isidro Buban Destura, Immaculate Conception College-Albay -- 84.60%
Abigail Joanna Uy Doluntap, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.60%
Rove Ann Tonolete Enguerra, Trinity University of Asia (Trinity-QC) -- 84.60%
Jana Flores Fragante, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.60%
Jan Igor Temple Galinato, Mindanao State University-Marawi City -- 84.60%
Divina Viktoria Pobre La Torre, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.60%
Vanessarose Delavin Lim, Far Eastern University-Manila -- 84.60%
Rachel Rañola Milante, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.60%
Loraine Ab-Abaen Payangdo, Benguet State University-La Trinidad -- 84.60%
Kristine Arcilla Ramos, Catanduanes State Colleges-Virac -- 84.60%
Robert Joe Isip Sagum, Far Eastern University-Manila -- 84.60%
Ingrid Buela San Juan, University of the Philippines-Manila -- 84.60%
Christelle Miracle-An Quizon Santiago, University of Santo Tomas -- 84.60%
Jian Laurice Ramos Sicat, Angeles University Foundation -- 84.60%
Miriem Paulle Beltran Soriano, Saint Louis University -- 84.60%
Teddy Jr Chan Untalasco, Lorma College -- 84.60%

See the Complete list of the Nursing Board Exam Result 2009

Source: Inquirer

Nursing Board Exam Result June 2009 Passers

At long last, the June 2009 Nursing Board Exam Results (Nursing Licensure Exam) is released!

A total of 32,617 out of 77,901 passed the Nurse Licensure Examination, the Professional Regulation announced Saturday.

Golda Manto Yap, a graduate of the Felipe R. Verallo Memorial Foundation, topped the exams, getting an average score of 86.80 percent.

The Board of Nursing conducted the test last June in the cities of Manila, Baguio, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Iloilo, Legazpi, Lucena, Tacloban, Tuguegarao, Sulu, Pagadian and Zamboanga.

Here's the complete list for the Nursing Board Exam Results 2009.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

Philippine Nursing Board Exam Results November 2008

Photo by: Day Life

The Philippine Nursing Board Exam Results for November 2008 is almost here! It has been said that the Nursing Board Exam Results for November 2008 will be released sometime in February. The November 2008 Nursing Board Examination or is otherwise known as Nursing Licensure Examination has the highest number of examinees with almost 90,000 examinees. The November 2008 Nursing Board Examination has the highest number of examinees because this is the time that ALL schools that are offering Nursing Courses for the first time or Pioneering Schools for Nursing graduated. One example here in Cebu are the students from the University of San Jose Recoletos. One of which is my sister's Ex-boyfriend! I just wish he would pass this exam. ^_^

And since the Nursing Board Exam Results for November 2008 is not yet released, I can't post it now. So if ever the Results come out, I'll immediately update this post and give you the link for the Nursing Board Exam Results. So subscribe to this blog and never miss a single update!

UPDATE:
Here's the list of the results of the November 2008 Nursing Licensure Exam.
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3 E F G1 G2 H I J K L1 L2 M1 M2 N O P1 P2 Q R1 R2 S1 S2 T1 T2 U V W Y Z

Congratulations to all 39455 Nursing Board Exam Passers!

RESEARCH NOTES

RESEARCH

Research – systematic inquiry to answer questions or solve problems
 Primary objective: present facts
Nursing Research – application of scientific inquiry to the phenomena of concern to nursing Practice
Purpose:
 Build a body of nursing knowledge
 Validate improvements in nursing
 Make healthcare efficient and cost-effective

FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH
1. Answer the question, solve problems, make decisions
2. Enable us to see & understand how & why a situation or problem exists – predict, explain and expand the body of knowledge
3. Help us discover new things & ideas
 New knowledge – new skills /practices = improve
 New technology – new tools = improve
4. Validate existing theories or generate new one

ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH
Ethics – set of moral behaviors, principles, rules, instructions that determine which action is right or wrong

Principles
1. The subject should be protected from harm and discomfort
2. Participation in the studies should be voluntary (right to self-determination)
3. Balancing the benefits and risk in a study
4. Protect the participants/ subject’s privacy
a. Anonymity –even the researchers don’t known the participants
b. Confidentiality – pledge any information given by the participants would be private; people who are not involve in the research have no access

GENERAL TYPES OF RESEARCH
Types of Non-Experimental Study - observational research (rather than interviewing)
 Correlational Research – interrelationship/association between variables; answer question: who, how, why, what  [in human adults, height & weight tend to be correlated]
 Descriptive Research – describe, to document and to observe aspect of situation [who, what, when, where, how]
 A researcher is interested in women’s experiences during menopause

Experimental Research – intervention or treatment (manipulation of dependent variable) – also called as intervention research

OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
1. Basic Research – attempts to describe a situation; not aimed to find solution to a problem
 Discovering the principles of human behavior
 A research may do a study to better understand/determine normal grieving process without having explicit nursing applications in mind
2. Applied Research - solution to a problem
 A study to determine the effectiveness of a nursing intervention to ease grieving
3. Quantitative Research – numerical data (# of children, income)
 Often requires statistical analysis – objective measurement
 What causes the phenomena, samples of data
4. Qualitative Research – non- numerical data (ideas, perception) –subjective
 Explain how does phenomenon exist

 Shallow and labored breathing
 AVOID
o High altitude
o Crowded places
o Extremes of temperature
o Active exercises

READ MORE AND DOWNLOAD THE WHOLE DOCUMENT! CLICK HERE!

AGING NOTES

Immunologically speaking
 Aging is primarily due to cessation of some organs to produce hormones
 Prone to develop various types of allergies and easily develops infection brought by alteration in immune defenses or altered immune system

NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
 Bones becomes brittle
 Decreases elasticity of muscle tension
 Often dies as a result of falls & not due to aging

Implementation: Neurological
 Maintain safety precaution
o Evaluate reflex reactions to protect against accidents
o Evaluate level of alertness
 Monitor dietary intake and fluid intake
 Provide adequate lightings to prevent falls
o Natural lighting best
o Avoid glare
o Night light at all times in bathroom halls
 Encourage sensory stimulation
o Large print books
o Changes in environment
o Colors client can see
 Maintain reality orientation
o Calendars
o Clocks
o One-to-one visits
 Keep client warm – prevent hypothermia
 Check sedative or hypnotic abuse for poor sleep patterns
 Check for anti-depressant drugs

Implementation: Musculoskeletal
 Ambulate within limitations
 Change in position q 20, align correctly
 Prevent osteoporosis by providing exercises against resistance, calcium, Vitamin D supplements
 Provide active and passive exercises
o Rest periods necessary
o Paced throughout the day
 ROM exercises to all joints 3x a day
 Educate family that allowing client to be sedentary is not helpful
 Encourage walking, best single exercise for elderly & swimming

CARDIAC RHYTHM
 Decreased heartbeat = low blood volume = easy fatigability

Implementation: Cardiac
 Monitor vital signs – Pulse, BP
o Apical pulse for 1 minute so premature heartbeats are not missed
o Take BP in both arms
 Monitor medications: digitalis, diuretics
 Maintain dietary restrictions: low salt diet
 Change position slowly, from horizontal to vertical, to prevent hypotensive reaction
 Maintain circulatory homeostasis
o Encourage activity to increase circulatory stimulation: leg exercise, leg elevation while sittiung
o Provide warmth by applying blankets and clothing
o Use gentle friction during baths
o Avoid tight-restrictive clothing

RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY FUNCTION
 Decreased due to wear & tear phenomenon

READ MORE AND DOWNLOAD THE WHOLE FILE! CLICK HERE!

NUTRITION NOTES

PD 491 – Nutrition Act of 1975
RA 8976 – Food Fortification Law
RA 832 – Rice Enrichment Act

Fortification – addition of nutrients in EXCESS amount of those originally present
Enrichment – replacement of loss nutrients (GRAINS) B1, B3 & Fe

Father of Philippine Nutrition – DR. FLEMING SANTOS
Father of Nutrition – Lavoiser
Father of Sanitation – Moses

Nutrition – foundation of life based on food requirements of human
Nutrients – substances that human body utilize from food

Macronutrients – need in body in large quantities  H2O, CHO, CHON, Fats
Micronutrients – needed in small quantities

Nutrient Density
1. High Nutrient Density
2. Low Nutrient Density

Six Classifications of Nutrients
1. Water
2. CHO
3. CHON
4. Fats
5. Vitamins
6. Minerals

NUTRITIONAL GUIDELINES
1. Food Pyramid Guide – visual representation of the 5 basic food groups
Legumes – MEAT GROUP; Bacon – fat, oil, sweet groups
2. Exchange List System – DM – exchange should be within the same food group
3. Vegetarian Diet – (+ decrease Cancer formation, CAD, Obesity); (- decrease CHON, Vit B12)
a. Vegan – strict vegetarian
b. Lacto-Vegetarian – veggies with milk
c. Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian- milk with egg with veggies
d. Pesco Vegetarian- with fish & veggies
e. Pollo Vegetarian- with chicken
4. Food Labeling – not exceed 20% of the daily values when it comes to fat (2,000-2,500 kcal)

NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
History
1. Dietary intake record
2. 24-Hour Food Recall
3. Food Diary – eating disorders  emotions & cravings

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
1. Height – tape measure, wingspan
2. Weight
3. BMI – wt (kg)/ht2(m)
Below 18.5- underweight
18.5-24.9 – normal
25-29.9 overweight
30 & above – obese
4. BMR – measure the O2 consumption while at rest – resting body rate
- involuntary activities (pumping of the heart)
Increase: Pregnancy, Lactation, (increase demands of O2 consumption), smoking,
growth periods
Decrease: stress (decrease BMR)
5. Skinfold Measurement – distribution of fats vs. muscles in the body (caliper)

LABORATORIES
• Albumin – best method to measure the nutritional status of patient  3.5g/dl up
• Transferrin – measures the Fe storage in the body  2.5 - 4.2 g/L
• Hemoglobin – measures the Fe intake  M = 14 – 17g/dl; F = 12 – 16g/dl

READ MORE AND DOWNLOAD THE WHOLE FILE! CLICK HERE!

PEDIATRIC NURSING NOTES

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

GROWTH – increase in body size
- ht, wt, bone size, dentition
- Growth hormone somatotropin

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND (STORES & SECRETES HORMONES)
GH/ somatotropin
TSH
Prolactin
Aadrenocorticotropic hormone
LSH
FSH
MSH

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND (PPG)
Oxytocin
ADH/ Vasopressin

Hypothalamus- responsible for the production

Development- Increase capacity to function at more advance level

PATTERNS (TRENDS) OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
1. Directional Pattern
a. Cephalocaudal
b. Proximodistal – from the center of the body; symmetrical – gross & fine motor development
i. Gross Motor- grasping 5th month
ii. Fine motor – pincer grasp 9th month
c. Mass to specific- master simple operations a complex ones
2. Sequential Pattern
3. Secular Pattern – universal trends in the rate and age of maturation
a. Accelerated growth – infancy & adolescence
b. Decelerated growth

READ AND DOWNLOAD THE WHOLE FILE! CLICK HERE!

PEDIATRIC NURSING DISORDERS NOTES

SPINA BIFIDA- CNS Defect
 Neural tube failure to close during embryonic development
Cause: Unspecific
Contributing Factors:
 Late maternal age
 Poor nutrition/vitamin A deficiency (folic Acid)
 Genetic influence
Diagnostic Test
 Amniocentesis
 UTZ
 Myelogram
 AFP- ALPHA FETO PROTEIN – Dx of choice
o N (<15 ng/ml), ↑ in spina bifida, ↓ down syndrome
2 TYPES
1. Spina Bifida Occulta – no sac; dimpling at the base of the spine
 Tuffs of hair, NO PARALYSIS, no surgery

2. Spina Cystica- sac, COULD BE PARALYSIS, requires surgery
 Meningocele- CSF, meninges
 Meningomyocele- CSF, meninges, nerves, spinal cord
o PARALYSIS, SAC IS VERY THIN- sac will be prone to rapture and leakage
o Most relevant Nursing Diagnosis 1st 120 of life: Risk for infection

Transillumination- to check & measure the amount of CSF
No Transillumination- AP can’t measure the CSF accurately
- the portion of spinal cord has entered the sac
LUMBO-SACRAL AREA- most common site

ASSESSMENT
1. Visible spinal defect
2. flaccid paralysis of the legs
3. Altered bladder and bowel function
4. Hip and Joint deformities

READ MORE AND DOWNLOAD THE WHOLE FILE! CLICK HERE!

ONCOLOGY NURSING NOTES

Cancer- abnormal cell growth in the body
 rapidly dividing cell
 60% with pain
 Cause: UNKNOWN

Common cellular terms used in alterations
• Hyperplasia- increase in the # of cell
• Hypertrophy- increase in the size of the cell
o Frequently used inflammation
o DILANTIN (Phenytoin) – gingival hyperplasia
o Nursing Responsibility: oral care, soft bristled tooth-brush
• Atrophy- decrease in size of cell
• Metaplasia- conversion of one type of cell into another type
o Normal lung is line with epithelial cell  smoke change into epithelial cell
• Dysplasia- disorganized cell – change of size, shape and function
• Anaplasia- complete undifferentiation of the cell
o Differentiation- ability of the daughter cell to copy the characteristics of the parent cell
o MOST MALIGNANT
• Neoplasm- mutant change in the cell

Categories of Malignant Neoplasm
1. Carcinoma – epithelial cell  all linings of organs, SKIN ca Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma
2. Sarcoma- connective tissue – bone, joints, cartilage, muscle, fats, skin, blood vessels
3. Lymphoma- Lymphatic tissue  Hodgkin’s Disease
4. Leukemia/Myeloma- blood-forming organs  bone-marrow
5. Adenocarcinoma – glandular tissue- mucous glands

Pathogenesis
1. Cellular Transformation and Derangement Theory – environmental & exposure to carcinogen
2. Failure of immune Response Theory- physiologic

AGE- single most important risk factor for Ca

Carcinogenesis
1. Infiltration Stage- 1st time that normal cell is exposed to carcinogen
 Genetic change- still reversible
2. Promotion – subsequent exposure to carcinogen
 Dysplacia – anaplastic cell
3. Progression stage- irreversible change in the cell metastasize

Metastases- spread of Ca cells to other organs
 Area with increase vascularity or increase in blood supply
 Nearest organ
Primary site- where the Ca develops originally

READ AND DOWNLOAD THE WHOLE FILE! CLICK HERE!

NURSING BOARD EXAM NOTES

To all nursing students especially to those taking up the board exams, I have good news for you!
One of my friends Cha shared her nursing notes on her board exam! These are the topics:

• Cancer
• Pedia
• Pedia Disorders
• Fats Soluble Vitamins
• Nutrition
• Systems
• Research

Just Open or download the files at this page

http://nursingreviewers.googlepages.com/nursingreviewers

GOOD LUCK AND GOD BLESS TO ALL NURSING STUDENTS TAKING UP THE BOARD EXAM!